Consideraciones diagnósticas sobre urgencias médicas de “bajo perfil”

El presente artículo tiene como referente el complejo escenario de los servicios de urgencia hospitalario. Tiene como objetivo exponer algunos elementos que contribuyan a elevar la percepción de riesgo del médico de urgencia sobre determinadas formas de presentación de entidades que constituyen verdaderas urgencias médicas. La mayoría de los pacientes que las padecen no son identificados como enfermos graves al llegar a un servicio de urgencia hospitalario. Estas urgencias son denominadas por los autores como de “bajo perfil”, siendo su común denominador la ausencia de variables alarmantes como dolor importante, trauma, disnea, parálisis visible, entre otras. Como consideraciones finales, se ofrecen sugerencias prácticas relacionadas con el tema abordado.</p

Racismo na escola formal. Construção da alteridade negra

[Resumen] Este trabajo se centró en la mirada que se construye de la negredad en Ecuador desde el sistema educativo. Para ello seleccionamos un conjunto de láminas de la educación formal destinadas al estudiantado. Utilizamos la metodología comparativa desde una óptica decolonial que se centró en las posibles esencializaciones, las cuales se han cristalizado y configuran la actual constelación de relaciones educo-sociales e ideología racista.[Abstract] This article analyses the construction of blackness in Ecuador through the country’s formal education system. The study is based on data collected from a selection of student handouts and uses a comparative methodology with a decolonial perspective to examine the essentialisations responsible for the prevailing constellation of social and educational relations and ideology of racism.[Resumo] Este trabalho se concentrou na visão que se constrói da negritude no Equador a partir do sistema educacional. Para isso, selecionamos um conjunto de fichas de educação formal para os alunos. Utilizamos a metodologia comparativa a partir de uma perspectiva decolonial que focalizou as possíveis essencializações, que cristalizaram e configuram a atual constelação de relações educo-sociais e ideologia racista

Enhanced biocontrol services in artificially selected strains of Orius laevigatus

Augmentative biological control in protected crops relies mainly on omnivorous predators. Their performance as biological control agents (BCA) depends on several characteristics of the species, which in turn may differ among strains within a species. We have recently reported the achievement of two Orius laevigatus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) strains showing a significant larger body size or better fitness when feeding on pollen, two characteristics having a key impact on field performance. However, selection towards a specific trait might result in trade-offs, such as reduced predation capacity, which may impair control efficiency. Therefore, the predation capacity of these selected populations was tested in laboratory as a first step prior to its field use. Functional response to different densities of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) (adults and larvae) and Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) (nymphs) were studied in the large-sized and pollen-tolerant O. laevigatus strains in comparison with commercial and wild populations. A type-II functional response was observed regardless of the population. Body size was significantly related to thrips but not to aphid predation. The large-sized strain showed a superior predation capacity, both on thrips larvae and especially on adult thrips, although not on aphids. Therefore, the larger body size of the selected strain may increase its effectiveness as BCA of thrips. Regarding the pollen-tolerant strain, no trade-offs were observed in predation rates on adults or larvae of thrips, but it showed higher predation capacity on aphid nymphs, suggesting an expanded prey range. Implications of such enhanced biocontrol services on crop protection are also discussed.We acknowledge anonymous referees for reviews and comments on an earlier version of the manuscript. Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. Grant PID2020-116897RB-I00 funded by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación and Agencia Estatal de Investigación MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. José Enrique Mendoza holds a Grant from the MSIU (FPU14/02932)

A protocol to enrich in undifferentiated cells from neuroblastoma tumor tissue samples and cell lines

The existence of a subpopulation of undifferentiated cells with stem-like properties has been suggested in neuroblastoma tumors, but a definitive biomarker for their successful isolation is missing. Here we describe an in vitro culture system for the enrichment in undifferentiated stem-like tumor cells for subsequent functional assays. We make use of clonal non-adherent cell culture conditions together with cell sorting with specific expression markers. This protocol allows for the differential study of heterogeneous cell population in neuroblastoma tumors. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Vega et al. (2019)

Evolución y manejo terapéutico del episodio asmático severo en una unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos

A pesar de los notables adelantos que se han originado en el conocimiento de la naturaleza inflamatoria de la afección y en su terapéutica, el asma bronquial continúa siendo una causa significativa de morbilidad y mortalidad en el mundo. Con el objetivo de identificar las características evolutivas y referentes a la terapéutica de los pacientes con episodio asmático severo se realizó un estudio transversal, descriptivo y con carácter prospectivo de 57 niños con este diagnóstico, ingresados en  la Unidad de Cuidados  Intensivos Pediátricos (UCIP) de nuestro Centro, durante un período de 7 años (1999-2005). La severidad del episodio asmático se evaluó según la escala de Downes.  El 29,8 % de los pacientes había ingresado anteriormente en la UCIP por episodio asmático grave. El 66,6 % recibió atención médica de urgencia en las primeras 12 horas de iniciada la exacerbación. La hipoxemia fue la alteración gasométrica más común, detectándose en 71,9 % de los enfermos. En 18 pacientes (31,6 %), se presentaron complicaciones, lo cual alargó significativamente su estadía. La mayoría de los pacientes respondió bien a las estrategias habituales de tratamiento. Sólo 2 niños necesitaron ventilación mecánica. No hubo fallecidos en la muestra estudiada. Se recomienda la evaluación sistemática de la severidad de cada episodio asmático y la identificación de los pacientes con riesgo de empeorar y morir para instaurar el tratamiento más adecuado de forma oportuna. Palabras clave: Episodio asmático severo, Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, mortalidad, tratamiento, niños. <br /

Artificial selection for emamectin benzoate resistance in the biological control agent Orius laevigatus

Biological control is occasionally supplemented with insecticides treatments, which may have a significant impact on natural enemies. Typically, selective compounds are chosen to overcome lack of compatibility, but an alternative approach is the use of biocontrol agents resistant to pesticides. Orius laevigatus (Fieber) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) is the main predator used to control thrips and other small pests in greenhouses. The avermectin emamectin benzoate is a bioinsecticide developed for the control of lepidopteran pests, reported as moderately to highly toxic to O. laevigatus. Firstly, we studied the variation in susceptibility to emamectin benzoate in 32 wild and commercial populations of O. laevigatus. A 62.4-fold variation in response was found (LC50 from 0.8 mg L−1 to 49.9 mg L−1). The baseline LC50 was 4.8 mg L−1. Secondly, we exploited this intraspecific variation to select four distinct emamectin-resistant strains. After 41–47 selection cycles, four resistant strains were successfully obtained (LC50 = 104–203 mg L−1) compared to the reference population (LC50 = 4.7 mg L−1). The resistance was retained for 18 generations without insecticide exposure and was expressed in all life instars, especially from the 4th nymphal instar to adult. The emamectin-resistant strains did not show cross-resistance to abamectin. Inhibitors of the detoxification enzymes failed to restore susceptibility at the concentrations tested. Fecundity and predation capacity in the resistant strain was similar to those in a commercial population. The resistance obtained may be enough to allow survival of adults and nymphs of O. laevigatus exposed to treatments of emamectin benzoate across the crop season.We thank the editor and anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments on the manuscript. This research has been supported by the Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (773902-SuperPests). ARG contract is co-financed by Grant PID2020-116897RB-I00 funded by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación and Agencia Estatal de Investigación MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the R&D Support Plan of the Polytechnic University of Cartagena

Bayesian reasoning with emotional material in patients with schizophrenia.

Delusions are one of the most classical symptoms described in schizophrenia. However, despite delusions are often emotionally charged, they have been investigated using tasks involving non-affective material, such as the Beads task. In this study we compared 30 patients with schizophrenia experiencing delusions with 32 matched controls in their pattern of responses to two versions of the Beads task within a Bayesian framework. The two versions of the Beads task consisted of one emotional and one neutral, both with ratios of beads of 60:40 and 80:20, considered, respectively, as the “difficult” and “easy” variants of the task. Results indicate that patients showed a greater deviation from the normative model, especially in the 60:40 ratio, suggesting that more inaccurate probability estimations are more likely to occur under uncertainty conditions. Additionally, both patients and controls showed a greater deviation in the emotional version of the task, providing evidence of a reasoning bias modulated by the content of the stimuli. Finally, a positive correlation between patients’ deviation and delusional symptomatology was found. Impairments in the 60:40 ratio with emotional content was related to the amount of disruption in life caused by delusions. These results contribute to the understanding of how cognitive mechanisms interact with characteristics of the task (i.e., ambiguity and content) in the context of delusional thinking. These findings might be used to inform improved intervention programs in the domain of inferential reasoning.post-print700 K

Regulation of ovule initiation by gibberellins and brassinosteroids in tomato and Arabidopsis: two plant species, two molecular mechanisms

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Barro¿Trastoy, D., Carrera, E., Baños, J., Palau-Rodríguez, J., Ruiz-Rivero, O., Tornero, P., Alonso, J.M., López-Díaz, I., Gómez, M.D. and Pérez-Amador, M.A. (2020), Regulation of ovule initiation by gibberellins and brassinosteroids in tomato and Arabidopsis: two plant species, two molecular mechanisms. Plant J, 102: 1026-1041, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.14684. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.[EN] Ovule primordia formation is a complex developmental process with a strong impact on the production of seeds. In Arabidopsis this process is controlled by a gene network, including components of the signalling pathways of auxin, brassinosteroids (BRs) and cytokinins. Recently, we have shown that gibberellins (GAs) also play an important role in ovule primordia initiation, inhibiting ovule formation in both Arabidopsis and tomato. Here we reveal that BRs also participate in the control of ovule initiation in tomato, by promoting an increase on ovule primordia formation. Moreover, molecular and genetic analyses of the co-regulation by GAs and BRs of the control of ovule initiation indicate that two different mechanisms occur in tomato and Arabidopsis. In tomato, GAs act downstream of BRs. BRs regulate ovule number through the downregulation of GA biosynthesis, which provokes stabilization of DELLA proteins that will finally promote ovule primordia initiation. In contrast, in Arabidopsis both GAs and BRs regulate ovule number independently of the activity levels of the other hormone. Taken together, our data strongly suggest that different molecular mechanisms could operate in different plant species to regulate identical developmental processes even, as for ovule primordia initiation, if the same set of hormones trigger similar responses, adding a new level of complexity.We wish to thank B. Janssen (Horticulture and Food Research Institute, New Zealand) for the pBJ60 shuttle vector, C. Ferrandiz and M. Colombo (IBMCP, CSIC-UPV, Valencia, Spain) for their help in the generation of 35S:ANT lines and L.E.P. Peres (Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil) for the tomato mutant lines. Our thanks also go to C. Fuster for technical assistance. This work was supported by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness-FEDER (BIO2017-83138R) to MAPA and from NSF (DBI-0820755, MCB-1158181, and IOS-1444561) to JMA.Barro-Trastoy, D.; Carrera, E.; Baños, J.; Palau-Rodríguez, J.; Ruiz-Rivero, O.; Tornero Feliciano, P.; Alonso, JM.... (2020). 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